When seen from the side, the spinal column has a number of gentle curves due to the shape and alignment of the vertebrae (the way they are stacked upon another). Kyphosis refers to a hunching, or forward curvature in the spine. In a healthy spine the thoracic levels have some degree of kyphosis (ranging from around 25 to 55 degrees). When the degree of kyphosis is above the normal values then some form of treatment may be required.

It should be noted that with aging there is a gradual, and natural, increase in the thoracic kyphosis due to bone settling and loss of height in the intervertebral discs, this gives an appearance of hunching forward more with advancing age. A kyphosis in the cervical spine or lumbar spine is not normal and many conditions can cause such a problem. One relatively common cause of abnormal kyphosis in the spine after a previous spine operation is related to flatback. This is a deformity related to a previous spinal fusion in an increased kyphotic position. When kyphosis is associated with flatback or aging, then difficulties with balance can often be overcome by changes in hips and knees to a flexed position. In severe cases of imbalance and kyphosis, difficulties in standing and walking may occur.

It is clear that there are many types of abnormal kyphosis. A detailed evaluation by a specialist is necessary to determine what type of kyphosis is present and to pursue the proper treatment. A number of tests may be required to identify the type of deformity present, these may include: Xrays, bending films, CT, MRI.

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